An independent initiative to monitor the Oil & Gas industry of Nigeria promoting transparency and accountability in decision making and investment.

• Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plates
• Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plate Renewal Fayetteville Nc
• Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plate Lookup
• Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plate Search

Coordinates: 8°N30°E / 8°N 30°E

South Sudan (/suːˈdɑːn, -ˈdæn/(listen)),^[17][18] officially known as the Republic of South Sudan,^[19] is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa.^[20][21] It gained independence from the Republic of the Sudan in 2011, making it the most recent sovereign state with widespread recognition. Its capital and largest city is Juba.

South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest and the Central African Republic to the west. It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal (Arabic: بحر ال جبل), meaning 'Mountain Sea'. Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon broke out, ending in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following 98.83% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum.^[22][23] It has suffered ethnic violence and endured a civil war since 2013.

South Sudan has a population of 12 million, mostly of the Nilotic peoples, and it is demographically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half under 18 years old.^[24] The majority of inhabitants adhere to Christianity or various traditional faiths. The country is a member of the United Nations,^[25][26] the African Union,^[27] the East African Community^[28] the Intergovernmental Authority on Development.^[29] and is a party to the Geneva Conventions.^[30] As of 2018, South Sudan ranks third lowest in the latest UN World Happiness Report,^[31] second lowest on the Global Peace Index, and has the third highest score on the American Fund for Peace'sFragile States Index.^[32]

• 1History
• 2Politics
  • 2.1Government
  • 2.2States
  • 2.4Media
• 3Geography
• 4Demographics
  • 4.4Languages
  • 4.5Population
• 5Culture
• 6Economy
• 7Transport
• 8Humanitarian situation

History[edit]

The Nilotic people of South Sudan—the Acholi, Anyuak, Bari, Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Kaligi (Arabic Feroghe), and others—first entered South Sudan sometime before the 10th century coinciding with the fall of medieval Nubia. During the period from the 15th to the 19th centuries, tribal migrations, largely from the area of Bahr el Ghazal, brought the Anyuak, Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk to their modern locations of both Bahr El Ghazal and Upper Nile Regions, while the Acholi and Bari settled in Equatoria. The Azande, Mundu, Avukaya and Baka, who entered South Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state of Equatoria Region.

The Dinka are the largest, Nuer the second largest, the Azande the third-largest and the Bari are the fourth-largest ethnic group in the country. They are found in the Maridi, Yambio, and Tombura districts in the tropical rainforest belt of Western Equatoria, the Adio of Azande client in Yei, Central Equatoria and Western Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century, the Avungara sib rose to power over the rest of Azande society and this domination continued into the 20th century.^[33] Geographical barriers, including the swamplands along the White Nile and the British preference for sending Christian missionaries to the southern regions, including its Closed District Ordinance of 1922 (see History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), helped to prevent the spread of Islam to the southerners, thus enabling them to retain their social and cultural heritage, as well as their political and religious institutions. The major reasons include the long history of British policy preference toward developing the Arab north and its ignoring the Black south. After Sudan's first independent elections in 1958, the continued ignoring of the south by Khartoum (lack of schools, roads, bridges) led to uprisings, revolt, and the longest civil war on the continent.^[34][35] As of 2012, peoples include Acholi, Anyuak, Azande, Baka, Balanda Bviri, Bari, Boya, Didinga, Dinka, Jiye, Kaligi, Kuku, Lotuka, Mundari, Murie, Nilotic, Nuer, Shilluk, Toposa and Zande.^[36]

Slavery had been an institution of Sudanese life throughout history.^[37] The slave trade in the south intensified in the 19th century, and continued after the British had suppressed slavery in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Sudanese slave raids into non-Muslim territories resulted in the capture of countless thousands of southern Sudanese, and the destruction of the region's stability and economy.^[38]

The Azande have had good relations with the neighbors, namely the Moru, Mundu, Pöjulu, Avukaya, Baka and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal, due to the expansionist policy of their king Gbudwe, in the 18th century. In the 19th century, the Azande fought the French, the Belgians and the Mahdists to maintain their independence. Egypt, under the rule of KhediveIsmail Pasha, first attempted to control the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of Equatoria in the southern portion. Egypt's first governor was Samuel Baker, commissioned in 1869, followed by Charles George Gordon in 1874 and by Emin Pasha in 1878.^[39]

The Mahdist Revolt of the 1880s destabilized the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado, Gondokoro, Dufile and Wadelai. European colonial maneuverings in the region came to a head in 1898, when the Fashoda Incident occurred at present-day Kodok; Britain and France almost went to war over the region.^[39] In 1947, British hopes to join South Sudan with Uganda, as well as leaving Western Equatoria as part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, were dashed by the Rajaf Conference to unify North and South Sudan.^{[citation needed]}

South Sudan has an estimated population of 8 million,^[40] but, given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming.^[40] Around 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas within South Sudan have seen extensive development.

The region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence: from 1955 to 1972, the Sudanese government fought the Anyanya rebel army (Anya-Nya is a term in the Madi language which means 'snake venom')^[41] during the First Sudanese Civil War, followed by the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) in the Second Sudanese Civil War for over 20 years. As a result, the country suffered serious neglect, a lack of infrastructural development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed and millions more have become refugees both within and outside the country.

Independence (2011)[edit]

Between January 9 and 15, 2011, a referendum was held to determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country and separate from Sudan. 98.83% of the population voted for independence.^[42] South Sudan formally became independent from Sudan on July 9, although certain disputes still remained, including the division of oil revenues, as 75% of all the former Sudan's oil reserves are in South Sudan.^[43] The region of Abyei still remains disputed and a separate referendum will be held in Abyei on whether they want to join Sudan or South Sudan.^[44] The South Kordofan conflict broke out in June 2011 between the Army of Sudan and the SPLA over the Nuba Mountains.

On July 9, 2011, South Sudan became the 54th independent country in Africa^[45] and since 14 July 2011, South Sudan is the 193rd member of the United Nations.^[46] On July 27, 2011, South Sudan became the 54th country to join the African Union.^[47]

South Sudan was at war with at least seven armed groups in 9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands displaced.^[48] The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in rural areas.^[48][49]Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) also operates in a wide area that includes South Sudan.^[50]

Inter-ethnic warfare that in some cases predates the war of independence is widespread. In December 2011, tribal clashes in Jonglei intensified between the Nuer White Army of the LouNuer and the Murle.^[51] The White Army warned it would wipe out the Murle and would also fight South Sudanese and UN forces sent to the area around Pibor.^[52]

In March 2012, South Sudanese forces seized the Heglig oil fields in lands claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan in the province of South Kordofan after conflict with Sudanese forces in the South Sudanese state of Unity.^[53] South Sudan withdrew on March 20, and the Sudanese Army entered Heglig two days later.

Civil war (2013–present)[edit]

In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar, as the president accused Machar and ten others of attempting a coup d'état.^[54] Fighting broke out, igniting the South Sudanese Civil War. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels.^[55] The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). Numerous ceasefires were mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and SPLM – in opposition and were subsequently broken. A peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015.^[56] Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president.^[57] Following a second breakout of violence in Juba, Machar was replaced as vice-president^[58] and he fled the country^[59] as the conflict erupted again. Rebel in-fighting has become a major part of the conflict.^[60] Rivalry among Dinka factions led by the President and Malong Awan have also led to fighting. In August 2018, another power sharing agreement came into effect.^[61]

About 400,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war,^[62] including notable atrocities such as the 2014 Bentiu massacre.^[63] Although both men have supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, subsequent fighting has been communal, with rebels targeting members of Kiir's Dinka ethnic group and government soldiers attacking Nuers.^[64] More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally displaced, and about 2.5 million having fled to neighboring countries, especially Uganda and Sudan.^[65]

Politics[edit]

Government[edit]

The now-defunct Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly ratified a transitional constitution^[66] shortly before independence on July 9, 2011.^[67] The constitution was signed by the President of South Sudan on Independence Day and thereby came into force. It is now the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim Constitution of 2005.^[68]

The constitution establishes a presidential system of government headed by a president who is head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It also establishes the National Legislature comprising two houses: a directly elected assembly, the National Legislative Assembly, and a second chamber of representatives of the states, the Council of States.^[69]

John Garang, the founder of the SPLA/M, was the first president of the autonomous government until his death on July 30, 2005. Salva Kiir Mayardit,^[19] his deputy, was sworn in as First Vice President of Sudan and President of the Government of Southern Sudan on August 11, 2005. Riek Machar^[19] replaced him as Vice-President of the Government. Legislative power is vested in the government and the bicameral National Legislature. The constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the Supreme Court.

National capital project[edit]

The capital of South Sudan is located at Juba, which is also the state capital of Central Equatoria and the county seat of the eponymous Juba County, and is the country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new planned city to serve as the seat of government.^[70][71] It is planned that the capital city will be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel.^[72] This proposal is functionally similar to construction projects in Abuja, Nigeria; Brasília, Brazil; and Canberra, Australia; among other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will fund the project.

In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said the country's political leaders had accepted a proposal to build a new capital at Ramciel,^[73] a place in Lakes state near the borders with Central Equatoria and Jonglei. Ramciel is considered to be the geographical center of the country,^[74] and the late pro-independence leader John Garang allegedly had plans to relocate the capital there before his death in 2005. The proposal was supported by the Lakes state government and at least one Ramciel tribal chief.^[75] The design, planning, and construction of the city will likely take as many as five years, government ministers said, and the move of national institutions to the new capital will be implemented in stages.^[73]

States[edit]

2011–15[edit]

Prior to 2015, South Sudan was divided into 10 states, which also correspond to three historical regions: Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, and Greater Upper Nile:

Bahr el Ghazal

Equatoria

• Central Equatoria (containing the national capital city of Juba)

Greater Upper Nile

2017–present[edit]

In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states.^[76] The decree established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society challenged the constitutionality of this decree and Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional amendment.^[77] In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states.^[78]

Bar el Ghazal

Equatoria

1. Jubek (containing the national capital city of Juba)

Greater Upper Nile

On January 14, 2017 another four states have been created, Central Upper Nile, Northern Upper Nile, Tumbura and Maiwut leading to an overall number of 32.^[79][80]

The Abyei Area, a small region of Sudan bordering on the South Sudanese states of Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap, and Unity, currently has a special administrative status in Sudan and is governed by an Abyei Area Administration. It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to join South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of Sudan, but in May the Sudanese military seized Abyei, and it is not clear if the referendum will be held.

Military[edit]

A Defense paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs Dominic Dim Deng, and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that Southern Sudan would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.^[81][82]

As of 2015, South Sudan has the third highest military spending as a percentage of GDP in the world, behind only Oman and Saudi Arabia.^[83]

Media[edit]

While former Information Minister Barnaba Marial Benjamin vowed that South Sudan will respect freedom of the press and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of Juba newspaper The Citizen claimed that in the absence of a formal media law in the fledgling republic, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands of security forces. This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in an Al Jazeera report to the difficulty SPLM has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government. The Citizen is South Sudan's largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like Northern Bahr el Ghazal.^[84]

Censorship[edit]

On November 1, 2011, South Sudan's National Security Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based daily, Destiny, and suspended its activities indefinitely. This was in response to an opinion article by columnist Dengdit Ayok, entitled 'Let Me Say So', which criticized the president for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national, and accused him of 'staining his patriotism'. An official letter accused the newspaper of breaking 'the media code of conduct and professional ethics', and of publishing 'illicit news' that was defamatory, inciting, and invading the privacy of personalities. The Committee to Protect Journalists had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South Sudan in September.^[85] The NSS released the journalists without charge after having held them for 18 days.^[86]

In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who reported 'against the country'.^[87] Work conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the country. Documentary filmmaker Ochan Hannington is one of them.^[88] In August 2015, after journalist Peter Moi was killed in a targeted attack, being the seventh journalist killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a 24-hour news blackout.^[89]

In August 2017, a 26-year-old American journalist, Christopher Allen, was killed in Kaya, Yei River State, during fighting between government and opposition forces. Christopher Allen was a freelance journalist who had worked for several U.S. news outlets. He had been reportedly embedded with the opposition forces in South Sudan for a week before he was killed.^[90] The same month, President Salva Kiir said the millions of civilians fleeing South Sudan were being driven by social media propaganda manned by those conspiring against his government.^[91] Just a month prior in July 2017, access to major news websites and popular blogs including Sudan Tribune and Radio Tamujuz had been blocked by the government without formal notice.^[92]

Foreign relations[edit]

Since independence, relations with Sudan have been changing. Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,^[93] but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.^[94]Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of Egypt after the 2011 Egyptian revolution, made his first foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.^[95]Israel quickly recognized South Sudan as an independent country,^[96] and is host to thousands of refugees from South Sudan,^[97] who now face deportation to their native country.^[98][99] According to American sources President Obama officially recognised the new state after Sudan (now North Sudan). Egypt, Sudan, Germany and Kenya were among the first to recognise the country's independence on 8 July 2011.^[100][101] Several states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming result. The Rationalist process included Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Eritrea, United Kingdom, and Norway.^[102][a]

South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,^[103] the African Union,^[27][104] and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.^[105] South Sudan plans to join the Commonwealth of Nations,^[106] the East African Community,^{[107][108][109]} the International Monetary Fund,^[110] and the World Bank.^[111] Some international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the Greater Horn of Africa^[112]

Full membership in the Arab League has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it,^[113] though it could also opt for observer status.^[114] It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.^[115] On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a regional grouping of East African states.^[116]

The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The New York Times reported that 'South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid.'^[117] The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives.^[118] Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a license, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan.^[119] A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, 'The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa’s Newest Country', identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.^[120]

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including South Sudan, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.^[121]

Human rights[edit]

Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been attributed to the SPLA.^[122] In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among the Shilluk and Murle, they burned scores of villages, raped hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.^[123] Civilians alleging torture claim fingernails being torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons, and villagers burned alive in their huts if it was suspected that rebels had spent the night there.^[123] In May 2011, the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes in Unity State.^[124]

The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them 'human rights abuses off the Richter scale'.^[123] In 2010, the CIA issued a warning that 'over the next five years,...a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan.'^[123] The Nuer White Army has stated it wished to 'wipe out the entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer’s cattle'^[52] and activists, including Minority Rights Group International, warned of genocide in Jonglei.^[125] At the beginning of 2017, genocide was imminent again.^[126]

Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group United Democratic Forum, has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against the government.^[127][128]

The child marriage rate in South Sudan is 52%.^[129]Homosexual acts are illegal.^[130]

Recruitment of child soldiers has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.^[131] In April 2014, Navi Pillay, then the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, stated that more than 9,000 child soldiers had been fighting in South Sudan's civil war.^[132]

The United Nations rights office has described the situation in the country as 'one of the most horrendous human rights situations in the world'. It accused the army and allied militias of allowing fighters to rape women as form of payment for fighting, as well as raid cattle in an agreement of 'do what you can, take what you can.'^[133]Amnesty International claimed the army suffocated to death in a shipping container more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition.^[134]On 22 December 2017, at the conclusion of a 12-day visit to the region, the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan said, 'Four years following the start of the current conflict in South Sudan, gross human rights violations continue to be committed in a widespread way by all parties to the conflict, in which civilians are bearing the brunt.^[135] The Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan was established by the Human Rights Council in March 2016 ^[135]

Geography[edit]

South Sudan lies between latitudes 3° and 13°N, and longitudes 24° and 36°E. It is covered in tropical forest, swamps, and grassland. The White Nile passes through the country, passing by Juba.^[93]

Biodiversity[edit]

South Sudan's protected area of Bandingilo National Park hosts the second-largest wildlife migration in the world. Surveys have revealed that Boma National Park, west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the Sudd wetland and Southern National Park near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of hartebeest, kob, topi, buffalo, elephants, giraffes, and lions.

South Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for bongo, giant forest hogs, red river hogs, forest elephants, chimpanzees, and forest monkeys. Surveys begun in 2005 by WCS in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact.

Habitats in the country include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and Nile Lechwe, as well as elephants, giraffes, common eland, giant eland, oryx, lions, African wild dogs, cape buffalo, and topi (locally called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and tiang, both types of antelope, whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve.

Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of fungi in Sudan was prepared by S.A.J. Tarr and published by the then Commonwealth Mycological Institute (Kew, Surrey, UK) in 1955. The list, of 383 species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries of the country. Many of those records relate to what is now South Sudan. Most of the species recorded were associated with diseases of crops. The true number of species of fungi in South Sudan is probably much higher.

In 2006, President Kiir announced that his government would do everything possible to protect and propagate South Sudanese fauna and flora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. The environment is threatened by the development of the economy and infrastructure.

Several ecoregions extend across South Sudan: the East Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, Saharan flooded grasslands (Sudd), Sahelian Acacia savanna, East African montane forests, and the Northern Acacia-Commiphorabushlands and thickets.^[136]

Climate[edit]

South Sudan has a climate similar to an Equatorial or tropical climate, characterized by a rainy season of high humidity and large amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season. The temperature on average is always high with July being the coolest month with an average temperatures falling between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and March being the warmest month with average temperatures ranging from 23 to 37 °C (73 to 98 °F).^[137]

The most rainfall is seen between May and October, but the rainy season can commence in April and extend until November. On average May is the wettest month. The season is 'influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Zone'^[19] and the shift to southerly and southwesterly winds leading to slightly lower temperatures, higher humidity, and more cloud coverage.^[138]

Demographics[edit]

South Sudan has a population of approximately 12 million^[9] (UN estimate, the exact figure is disputed) and a predominantly rural, subsistence economy. This region has been negatively affected by war for all but 10 of the years since 1956, resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million are internally displaced persons or became refugees as a result of the civil war and its impact.

Urbanization[edit]

Ethnic groups[edit]

The major ethnic groups present in South Sudan are the Dinka at more than 1 million (approximately 15 percent combined), the Nuer (approximately ten percent), the Bari, and the Azande. The Shilluk constitute a historically influential state along the White Nile, and their language is fairly closely related to Dinka and Nuer. The traditional territories of the Shilluk and the Northeastern Dinka are adjacent.

Education[edit]

Unlike the previous educational system of the regional Southern Sudan—which was modelled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows the 8 + 4 + 4 system (similar to Kenya). Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary education, and then four years of university instruction.

The primary language at all levels is English, as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the language of instruction is Arabic. In 2007 South Sudan adopted English as the official language of communication. There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields.

Languages[edit]

The official language of South Sudan is English.^[1]

There are over 60 indigenous languages, most classified under the Nilo-Saharan Language family; collectively, they represent two of the first-order divisions of Nile Sudanic and Central Sudanic.

Constitution updates[edit]

The interim constitution of 2005 declared in Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (1) that '[a]ll indigenous languages of Southern Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted'. In Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (2), it was stated: 'English and Arabic shall be the official working languages at the level of the governments of Southern Sudan and the States as well as languages of instruction for higher education.'^[140]

The government of the new independent state later deleted Arabic as an official language and chose English as the sole official language.

The new transitional constitution of the Republic of South Sudan of 2011 declares in Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (1) that '[a]ll indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted'. In Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (2), it is defined that: 'English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan, as well as the language of instruction at all levels of education.'^[141]

On July 6, 2017, South Sudan choose to adopt Swahili as an additional official language due to seeking Tanzania's help to send Swahili teachers to the country as it introduces the language in school curriculum ahead of its adoption as an official language.^[142]

Some areas[edit]

In the border region between Western Bahr el Ghazalstate and Sudan are an indeterminate number of people from West African countries who settled here on their way back from Mecca – who have assumed a traditionally nomadic life – that resides either seasonally or permanently. They primarily speak Chadian languages and their traditional territories are in the southern portions of the Sudanese regions of Northern Kurdufan and Darfur.

In the capital, Juba, there are several thousand people who use non-classical Arabic, usually a pidgin called Juba Arabic, but South Sudan's ambassador to Kenya said on 2 August 2011 that Swahili will be introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a lingua franca, in keeping with the country's intention of orientation toward the East African Community rather than Sudan and the Arab League.^[143] Nevertheless, South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a member state on 25 March 2014, which is still pending.^[144] In an interview with the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat, the Foreign Minister of South Sudan Deng Alor Kuol said: South Sudan is the closest African country to the Arab world, and we speak a special kind of Arabic known as Juba Arabic.^[145] Sudan supports South Sudan's request to join the Arab League.^[146] Juba Arabic is a lingua franca in South Sudan.^[147]

Population[edit]

2008 census[edit]

The 'Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan', for Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. The census counted the Southern Sudan population at 8.26 million;^[10][148] However, Southern Sudanese officials rejected the census results of Southern Sudan because 'the central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to share the national Sudan raw census data with the southern Sudan centre for census, statistics and evaluation.'^[149]

In addition, President Kiir 'suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally 'unacceptable'.'^[150] He claimed that the Southern Sudanese population actually constituted one-third of that of Sudan, though the census showed it to be only 22%.^[148]

Many southern Sudanese were also said to have been uncounted 'due to bad weather, poor communication and transport networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities.'^[150] The chief American technical adviser for the census in the south said that the census-takers probably reached only 89% of the population.^[151]

2009 census[edit]

In 2009, Sudan initiated a Southern Sudanese census ahead of the 2011 independence referendum, which would also include the South Sudanese diaspora; however, this initiative was criticised for leaving out countries with a high share of the South Sudanese diaspora, rather counting countries where the diaspora share was low.^[152]

Religion[edit]

Religions followed by the South Sudanese include traditional indigenous religions, Christianity and Islam.^[153][154] The last census to mention the religion of southerners dates back to 1956 where a majority were classified as following traditional beliefs or were Christian while 18% were Muslim.^[155] Scholarly^{[156][157][158]} and some U.S. Department of State sources^[40] state that a majority of southern Sudanese maintain traditional indigenous (sometimes referred to as animist) beliefs with those following Christianity in a minority. However, according to the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report of 2012 the majority of the population adhere to Christianity, while reliable statistics on animist and Muslim belief are not available.^[159]

The Federal Research Division of the US Library of Congress states that 'in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10% of southern Sudan's population was Christian'.^[160] In the early 1990s, official records of Sudan claimed that the population of what was then included as South Sudan, 25% of people followed traditional religions and 5% were Christians.^[161] However, some news reports claim a Christian majority.^[162][163]

According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, the Catholic Church is the largest single Christian body in Sudan since 1995, with 2.7 million Catholics mainly concentrated in South Sudan.^[164] The US Episcopal Church claims the existence of large numbers of Anglican adherents from the Episcopal Church of the Sudan with 2 million members in 2005.^[165] The Presbyterian Church in Sudan is the third largest denomination in Southern Sudan. It has about one million members in 500 congregations in 2012.^[166]

A December 18, 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center states that in 2010, 60.5% of South Sudan's population was Christian, 32.9% were followers of traditional African religion and 6.2% were Muslim.^[167] Some publishers described the conflicts prior to partition as a Muslim-Christian war, but others reject this notion, claiming Muslim and Christian sides sometimes overlapped.^[168]

Speaking at Saint Theresa Cathedral in Juba, South Sudanese President Kiir, a Roman Catholic, said that South Sudan would be a nation that respects freedom of religion.^[169] Amongst Christians, most are Catholic and Anglican, though other denominations are also active, and animist beliefs are often blended with Christian beliefs.^[170]

Diaspora[edit]

The South Sudanese diaspora consists of citizens of South Sudan residing abroad. The number of South Sudanese outside South Sudan has sharply increased since the beginning of the struggle for independence from the North Sudan. Almost one and a half million South Sudanese have left the country as refugees, either permanently or as temporary workforce, leading to the establishment of the South Sudanese diaspora population.

The largest communities of the South Sudanese diaspora are located in North America, Western Europe, and Oceania are in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and small communities exist in France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and New Zealand.

Culture[edit]

Due to the many years of the civil war, South Sudan's culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours. Many South Sudanese fled to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture. For most of those who remained in the country, or went north to Sudan and Egypt, they largely assimilated Arab culture.

Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin, its traditional culture and dialect even while in exile and diaspora. Although the common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, Swahili is being introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbours.

Music[edit]

Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili, Arabi Juba, their dialect or a mix of all. Popular artists like Barbz, Yaba Angelosi sing Afro-beat, R&B, and Zouk; Dynamq is popular for his reggae releases; and Emmanuel Kembe who sings folk, reggae and Afro-beat. Emmanuel Jal is one South Sudanese music artist who has broken through on an international level^[171] with his unique form of Hip Hop and a positive message in his lyrics.^[172] Jal, a former child soldier turned musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK^[173] and has also been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like TED.^[174]

Games and sports[edit]

Many traditional and modern games and sports are popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. During the matches, they smeared themselves with ochre – perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment.^[175]

Association football is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the CECAFA youth football competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments.^{[citation needed]}

The South Sudan national association football team joined the Confederation of African Football in February 2012 and became a full FIFA member in May 2012.^[176] The team played its first match against Tusker FC of the Kenyan Premier League on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence celebrations,^[177] scoring early but losing 1–3 to the more experienced team.^[178] Famous South Sudanese footballers are James Moga, Richard Justin, Athir Thomas, Goma Genaro Awad, Khamis Leyano, Khamis Martin and Roy Gulwak.

The South Sudanese can boast links to top basketball players. Luol Deng is a National Basketball Association star in the United States, where he plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves; at the international level, he represents Great Britain. Other leading international basketball players from South Sudan include Manute Bol, Kueth Duany, Deng Gai, Ater Majok, and Thon Maker. The South Sudan national basketball team played its first match against the Uganda national basketball team on 10 July 2011 in Juba.^[177]

One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Due to South Sudan not as yet possessing an official Olympics organization, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he, along with three athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles, competed under the banner of Independent Olympic Athletes.

On August 2 at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan was granted full recognition of its National Olympic Committee. South Sudan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics with three athletes in track and field. No medals were won during this Olympics.^[179]

Economy[edit]

The economy of South Sudan is one of the world's most underdeveloped with South Sudan having little existing infrastructure and the highest maternal mortality and female illiteracy rates in the world as of 2011.^[180] South Sudan exports timber to the international market. The region also contains many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, diamonds, hardwoods, limestone and hydropower.^[181] The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture.

Other than natural resources-based companies, other such organisations include Southern Sudan Beverages Limited, a subsidiary of SABMiller.

Oil[edit]

The oilfields in the south have been significant to the economy since the latter part of the 20th century. South Sudan has the third-largest oil reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa.^[182] However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split the revenue from these southern oilfields.^[183]

It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4 times the oil deposits of Sudan. The oil revenues, according to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), were split equally for the duration of the agreement period.^[184] Since South Sudan relies on pipelines, refineries, and Port Sudan's facilities in Red Sea state in Sudan, the agreement stated that the government of Sudan in Khartoum would receive a 50% share of all oil revenues.^[184][185] This arrangement was maintained during the second period of autonomy from 2005 to 2011.

In the run up to independence, northern negotiators reportedly pressed for a deal maintaining the 50–50 split of oil revenues, while the South Sudanese were holding out for more favorable terms.^[185] Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget according to the southern government's Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and this has amounted to more than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace agreement.^[184]

After independence, South Sudan objected to Sudan charging US$34 per barrel to transport oil through the pipeline to the oil terminal at Port Sudan. With production of around 30,000 barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil production, causing a dramatic reduction in revenue and food costs to rise by 120%.^[186]

China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) is a major investor in South Sudan's oil sector.^[182] South Sudan's economy is under pressure to diversify away from oil as oil reserves will likely halve by 2020 if no new finds are made, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).^[187]

Debt[edit]

In terms of South Sudan's external debt, Sudan and South Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately US$38 billion, all of which has accumulated throughout the past five decades.^[188] Though a small portion of this debt is owed to such international institutions as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (approximately US$5.3 billion according to a 2009 report provided by the Bank of Sudan), the bulk of its debt load is actually owed to numerous foreign actors that have provided the nation with financial loans, including the Paris Club (over US$11 billion) and also non-Paris Club bilateral creditors (over US$13 billion).^[189]

The Paris Club refers to an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's most influential economies, including such member nations as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada, while non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to any entity that does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club member.^[190] Private bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit suppliers) account for the majority of the remainder (approximately US$6 billion of the total debt).^[191]

East African Community[edit]

The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,^[107][192] and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.^[107][193] Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines,^[194] with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward the EAC. Reuters considered South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term,^[195] and an article in Tanzanian daily The Citizen that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was 'free to join the EAC' asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body.^[196]

On 17 September 2011, the Daily Nation quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a 'dumping ground' for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports.^[197] This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later.^[198] The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,^[199] however incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in South Sudan have created political tension and may delay the process.^[200]

In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member.^[201] In May 2013 The EAC set aside $82,000 for the admission of South Sudan into the bloc even though admission may not happen until 2016. The process, to start after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.^[202]

A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to South Sudanese Civil War.^[203][204]

South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community. Those recommendations, however, had not been officially released to the public. It was reported that South Sudan could be admitted as early as November 2015 when the heads of East African States had their summit meeting.^[205]

South Sudan was eventually approved for membership in East African Community in March 2016,^[206] and formally acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.^[207]

South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations[edit]

South Sudan has applied to join the Commonwealth of Nations,^[208] considering that South Sudan was part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and has 2 Commonwealth republics, Kenya and Uganda as neighbouring countries.

Transport[edit]

Railway[edit]

South Sudan has 248 km (154 mi) of single-track 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to Wau terminus. There are proposed extensions from Wau to Juba. There are also plans to link Juba with the Kenyan and Ugandan railway networks.

Air[edit]

The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan is Juba Airport, which has regular international connections to Asmara, Entebbe, Nairobi, Cairo, Addis Ababa, and Khartoum. Juba Airport was also the home base of Feeder Airlines Company and Southern Star Airlines.^[209]

Other international airports include Malakal, with international flights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; Wau, with weekly service to Khartoum; and Rumbek, also with weekly flights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves Nimule and Akobo, which have unpaved runways. Several smaller airports exist throughout South Sudan, the majority consisting of little more than dirt runways.

On 4 April 2012, plans were unveiled to launch a South Sudanese national airline, primarily for domestic service at first but eventually expanding to international service.^[210]

Humanitarian situation[edit]

South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.^{[211][212][213]} The under-five infant mortality rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.^[213] In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000 people.^[211]

The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%.^[214] According to a 2013 study, South Sudan 'probably has the highest malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa'.^[215] South Sudan is one of the few countries where dracunculiasis still occurs.^{[216][217][218]}

At the time of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).^[219]

In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership of Éliane Duthoit) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.^[220]

Famine reportedly led to deaths in Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap states in mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe enough to cause fatalities.^[221]

In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in December 2011 and January 2012, cattle raids led to border clashes that eventually resulted in widespread ethnic violence, with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of Médecins Sans Frontières staff went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities.^[222] South Sudan has a very high rate of child marriage.^[223]Violence against women is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws and policies have been criticized as inadequate in offering protection.^[224][225]

Water crisis[edit]

The water supply in South Sudan is faced with numerous challenges. It is estimated that between 50% and 60% of the population of South Sudan has access to an improved water source, such as a hand pump, a protected well or – for a small minority – piped water supply. Although the White Nile runs through the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not located on the river.

About half the population does not have access to an improved water source, defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within 1 km. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink. Displaced people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure, and the government institutions in charge of the sector are weak. Substantial external funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organizations is available to improve water supply.

Numerous non-governmental organizations support water supply in Southern Sudan, such as Water is Basic, Water for South Sudan, the Obakki Foundation^[226] and Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary Club^[227] from North America.

Refugees[edit]

As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 refugees, with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the War in Darfur. Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[228] As a result of the war that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people – one in every five people in South Sudan – have been forced to flee their homes, including 1.66 million internally displaced people (with 53.4 per cent estimated to be children) and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries. Some 185,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) have sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, while around 90 per cent of IDPs are on the run or sheltering outside PoC sites.^[229] Consequently, UNHCR is stepping up its response through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.^[228]

2017 famine[edit]

On 20 February 2017 South Sudan and the United Nations declared a famine in parts of former Unity State, with the warning that it could spread rapidly without further action. Over 100,000 people were affected. The UN World Food Programme said that 40% of the population of South Sudan, 4.9 million people, need food urgently.^[230][231] U.N. officials said that President Salva Kiir Mayardit was blocking food deliveries to some areas.^[232] Furthermore, UNICEF warned that more than 1 million children in South Sudan were subjected to malnutrition.^[233]

An outbreak of fall armyworm further threatened sorghum and maize production by July 2017.^[234]

Notable people[edit]

• Deng Adel (born 1997), NBA player
• Malik Agar, politician
• Adut Akech (born 1999), model
• Abel Alier (born 1931), politician, writer
• Jacob Aligo, politician
• Theresa Anyuat Bola, politician
• Kenny Athiu (born 1992), professional soccer player (A-League)
• Grace Bol (born 1990), model
• Manute Bol (1962–2010), NBA player and political activist
• Mabior Chol (born 1997), professional Australian Rules Football player
• Ajak Deng (born 1989), model
• Alephonsion Deng (born c. 1982), writer and speaker
• Joseph Deng (born 1998), track and field athlete
• John Dau (born 1974), birth name: Dhieu-Deng. One of the Lost Boys of Sudan; human rights activist, President of John Dau Foundation
• Luol Deng (born 1985), NBA player
• Louis Rizick Dominic, politician
• Wenyen Gabriel (born 1997), NBA player
• John Garang (1945–2005), politician and revolutionary leader
• Margret Hassan (born 1997), sprinter
• Emmanuel Jal (born 1980), artist, actor, former child soldier, and political activist
• Santino Kenyi (born 1993), middle-distance runner
• Joseph Lagu (born 1931), former military chief and founder of Anyanya II
• Taban Lo Liyong (born 1939), writer
• Anjelina Lohalith (born 1993), track and field athlete
• Rose Lokonyen (born 1995), track and field athlete
• Lawrence Lual Lual (1940–2011), politician
• Thon Maker (born 1997), NBA player
• Guor Marial (born 1984), track and field athlete
• Salva Kiir Mayardit (born 1951), president of South Sudan
• Nhial Deng Nhial, politician
• Riek Machar Teny, former vice president and rebel leader
• Duckie Thot (born 1995), model
• Alek Wek (born 1977), model and designer
• Anok Yai (born 1997), model
• Kuol Manyang Juuk, Politician

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Part One, 6(1): 'All indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted'.^[2]

1. ^ See table in Foreign relations of South Sudan with footnotes for early recognition countries.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011'. Government of South Sudan. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011. Part One, 6(2). 'English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan'.
2. ^'The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011'(PDF). Government of South Sudan. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
3. ^United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): The impact of language policy and practice on children’s learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016 (PDF; 672 kB), Pages 1–3, Retrieved 9 September 2018
4. ^Manfredi, Stefano (2013). 'Juba Arabic (ÁRABI JÚBA): A 'less indigenous language' of South Sudan'. Forthcoming in Sociolinguistic Studies, 12 (1). Retrieved 9 September 2018.^{[permanent dead link]}
5. ^Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2016), A new state, an old language policy, and a pidgin-creolo: Juba Arabic in South Sudan, Forthcoming: Sociolinguistic Studies 2016 (PDF; 1141 kB), Pages 1–18, Retrieved 9 September 2018
6. ^Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2013), Language uses vs. language policy: South Sudan and Juba Arabic in the post-independence era (PDF; 301 kB), Pages 798–802, III Congresso Coordinamento Universitario per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Sep 2013, Turin, Italy. JUNCO, Journal of Universities and International Development Cooperation, 2014, Imagining Cultures of Cooperation – Proceedings of the III CUCS Congress, Turin 19–21 September 2013, Retrieved 9 September 2018
7. ^Ethnologue: Ethnologue Languages of the World – South Sudan, Retrieved 9 September 2018.
8. ^'S. Sudanese government agrees to federal system with rebels – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan'. Sudan Tribune. Addis Ababa. 27 September 2014.
9. ^ ^ab'World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision'. ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
10. ^ ^ab'Discontent over Sudan census'. News24.com. AFP. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
11. ^ ^abcd'South Sudan'. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund.
12. ^'Gini Index'. World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
13. ^'2018 Human Development Report'. United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
14. ^'Traffic and Road Conditions in Sudan, South'. Countryreports.org. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
15. ^'New country, new number: Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan' (Press release). International Telecommunication Union. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
16. ^'.ss Domain Delegation Data'. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. ICANN. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
17. ^Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN978-1-4058-8118-0
18. ^Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0-521-15253-2
19. ^ ^abcd'South Sudan'. The World Factbook. CIA. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
20. ^'The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency'. www.cia.gov.
21. ^'UN classification of world regions Eastern Africa: South Sudan'. UN. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
22. ^'Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 1)'. Youtube.com. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
23. ^'Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 2)'. Youtube.com. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
24. ^''Children's crisis' in South Sudan must be addressed, says top UN official calling for real accountability'. 7 September 2018.
25. ^Worsnip, Patrick (14 July 2011). 'South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member'. Reuters. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
26. ^'UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State'. United Nations News Service. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
27. ^ ^ab'South Sudan Becomes African Union's 54th Member'. Voice of America News. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
28. ^'South Sudan admitted into EAC', Daily Nation, 2 March 2016, reprinted at nation.co.ke, accessed 4 March 2016
29. ^'Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD Says'. Bloomberg Businessweek. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
30. ^'Freedom House Congratulates South Sudan for Signing the Geneva Conventions'. Freedom House. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
31. ^'World Happiness Report 2018'. World Happiness Report. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
32. ^'Fragile States Index'. Fund for Peace. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
33. ^Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1991). 'The Turkiyah, 1821–85'. Sudan: A Country Study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN978-0-8444-0750-0.
34. ^Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. ISBN978-0-231-70414-4
35. ^Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. ISBN978-0-300-16273-8
36. ^Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Ethnic Groups and Flashpoints. p. xv. Columbia University Press. New York. ISBN978-0-231-70414-4
37. ^Sudanese Trade in Black Ivory: Opening Old Wounds (PDF)(PDF), UNESCO
38. ^Sudan — The Turkiyah (1821–1885), Library of Congress Country Studies
39. ^ ^abLevering Lewis, David (1995). The Race to Fashoda. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
40. ^ ^abc'Sudan'. State.gov. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
41. ^Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. p. 16 ISBN978-0-231-70414-4
42. ^Fick, Maggie (30 January 2011). 'Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession'. USA Today. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
43. ^'South Sudan profile'. BBC News. 8 January 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
44. ^News, BBC (30 January 2011). '99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence'. BBC News. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
45. ^South Sudan becomes an independent nation, BBC News.
46. ^'UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State'. UN News. 14 July 2011.
47. ^'au.int: African Union Welcomes South Sudan as the 54th Member State of the Union'. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011.
48. ^ ^ab'South Sudan army kills fighters in clashes'. Al Jazeera English. 24 April 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
49. ^Fick, Maggie & Straziuso, Jason (2 June 2011). 'Civilians dead in South Sudan battle'. Associated Press.
50. ^'The LRA and Sudan'. Al Jazeera English. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
51. ^'Thousands flee South Sudan tribal conflict'. Al Jazeera English. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
52. ^ ^ab'United Nations urges South Sudan to Help Avert Possible Attack'. Bloomberg Television. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
53. ^'Sudan and South Sudan in fierce oil border clashes'. BBC News Africa. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
54. ^Kulish, Nicholas (9 January 2014). 'New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan'. The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
55. ^'Yoweri Museveni: Uganda troops fighting South Sudan rebels'. BBC News. 16 January 2014.
56. ^'South Sudan country profile'. BBC News. 6 August 2018.
57. ^'South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president'. bbcnews.com. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
58. ^'South Sudan opposition replaces missing leader Machar'. aljazeera. 23 July 2016.
59. ^'South Sudan conflict: Sacked VP Riek Machar goes into exile'. bbcnews.com. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
60. ^'The revenge of Salva Kiir'. foreignpolicy. 2 January 2017.
61. ^'South Sudan's warring leaders agree to share power, again'. Washington Post. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
62. ^'Nearly 400,000 'excess deaths' caused by South Sudan war'. ABC News. 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
63. ^'Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war'. Reuters. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
64. ^'South Sudan 'coup leaders' face treason trial'. BBC News. 29 January 2014.
65. ^'A new report estimates that more than 380,000 people have died in South Sudan's civil war'. Washington Post. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
66. ^'The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011'. Government of South Sudan. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
67. ^'South Sudan passes interim constitution amid concerns over presidential powers'. Sudan Tribune. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
68. ^'The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005'. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
69. ^Henneberg, Ingo (2013): Das politische System des Südsudan [The Political System of South Sudan]. In: Verfassung und Recht in Übersee – Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Vol. 2, 2013. p. 174-196. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-2013-2-174. Graphic of the political system: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305220861_The_Political_System_of_South_Sudan_2011_p_196
70. ^'New capital city for South Sudan?'. Radio Netherlands. 6 February 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
71. ^'South Sudan to establish a new capital city and relocate from Juba after independence'. Sudan Tribune. 6 February 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
72. ^'South Sudan profile'. BBC. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
73. ^ ^ab'South Sudan relocates its capital from Juba to Ramciel'. Sudan Tribune. 3 September 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
74. ^Amos, Mashel (29 April 2011). 'The search for new nation's capital in South Sudan'. The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
75. ^'Lakes Leaders Visit Prospective South Sudanese Capital'. Gurtong. 15 February 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
76. ^'Kiir and Makuei want 28 states in South Sudan'. Radio Tamazuj. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
77. ^'Kiir pressured into taking decree to parliament for approval'. Radio Tamazuj. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
78. ^'South Sudan's Kiir appoints governors of 28 new states'. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
79. ^'South Sudanese President creates four more states'. www.sudantribune.com. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
80. ^'Jan2017 South Sudan'. International Crisis Group. International Crisis Group. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
81. ^'Juba parliament authorizes establishment of South Sudan air force'. Sudan Tribune. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
82. ^'Creation of the South Sudan Air Force'. aircraft.zurf.info. 9 January 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011.
83. ^'The World Bank'.
84. ^Carlstrom, Gregg (12 July 2011). 'South Sudan journalists facing intimidation'. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
85. ^'South Sudan security detains two journalists'. Committee to Protect Journalists. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
86. ^'South Sudan releases two journalists without charges'. Sudan Tribune. 18 November 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
87. ^'South Sudan journalist Peter Moi shot dead'. bbcnews.com. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
88. ^Ochan Hannington. 'Risking my life'. D+C, development and cooperation. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
89. ^'South Sudan media blackout after reporter shot dead'. dailystar.com.lb. 21 August 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
90. ^'US journalist killed in Yei River'. southsudan.biz. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.^{[permanent dead link]}
91. ^'South Sudan president downplays refugee crisis, blames social media'. southsudan.biz. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.^{[permanent dead link]}
92. ^'South Sudan blocks access to independent websites'. dw.com. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
93. ^ ^abRoss, Will (9 January 2011). 'Southern Sudan votes on independence'. BBC. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
94. ^'South Sudan becomes an independent nation'. BBC News. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
95. ^'AlAhram Weekly – Heading for headwaters'. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
96. ^Lior, Ilan (10 July 2011). 'Netanyahu: Israel recognizes South Sudan as independent state'. Haaretz. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
97. ^'120 South Sudanese leaving Israel under pressure'. Fox News. 17 June 2012.
98. ^'Israel launches African migrant deportation drive'. Reuters. 17 June 2012.
99. ^'IRIN Middle East | SOUTH SUDAN-ISRAEL: Returnees complain of harsh treatment in Israel | Israel | South Sudan | Early Warning | Economy | Governance | Human Rights | Migration'. Irinnews.org. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
100. ^Spetalnick, Matt (9 July 2011). 'Obama grants U.S. recognition of South Sudan'. Reuters.
101. ^D.H. Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars
102. ^Prieto, Fernando (18 November 2014), 'Did the US act as a 'defensive-positionalist' power and was it primary moved by local and regional stability concerns when it recognized South Sudan in 2011?', Research Study SIS 686
103. ^'UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd member'. BBC News. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
104. ^'The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 285th meeting held on 13 July 2011, was briefed by the Commissioner for Peace and Security on the accession to independence of the Republic of South Sudan'. African Union. 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
105. ^'COMESA Welcomes New Member'. MENAFN.com. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
106. ^'South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth'. Gurtong News via Talk of Sudan. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
107. ^ ^abc'South Sudan: Big trading potential for EAC'. IGIHE. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
108. ^'Welcome South Sudan to EAC!'. East African Business Week. 10 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
109. ^'South Sudan avails new foreign policy, to open 54 embassies'. Sudan Tribune. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
110. ^'IMF Receives Membership Application from South Sudan, Seeks Contributions to Technical Assistance Trust Fund to Help New Country'. International Monetary Fund. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
111. ^'World Bank Group Congratulates People of South Sudan on Independence'. The Financial. 9 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
112. ^Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. 'Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages.' Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.
113. ^'South Sudan 'entitled to join Arab League''. Sudan Tribune. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
114. ^El-Husseini, Asmaa (7 July 2011). 'Hoping for the best'. Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
115. ^'South Sudan is UNESCO's 194th member'. Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Washington, DC. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
116. ^'East African bloc admits South Sudan as member'. Reuters. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
117. ^'U.S. Is Facing Hard Choices in South Sudan'. The New York Times. 3 January 2014.
118. ^'South Sudan'. State.gov. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
119. ^'Doing Business in South Sudan | Embassy of the United States Juba, South Sudan'. Southsudan.usembassy.gov. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
120. ^Dagne, Ted (2011). 'Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country'(PDF). Congressional Research Service.
121. ^'Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?'. The Diplomat. 15 July 2019.
122. ^'Sudan: Transcending tribe'. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
123. ^ ^abcd'Sudan: Transcending tribe'. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
124. ^'SPLA set fire to over 7,000 homes in Unity says Mayom county official'. Sudan Tribune. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
125. ^'Activists warn of 'genocide' in S.Sudan's Jonglei conflict'. Sudan Tribune. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
126. ^''Slinding towards genocide''. D+C, development and cooperation. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
127. ^'S. Sudan's opposition leader arrested over rebel links'. Sudan Tribune. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
128. ^'South Sudan arrests opposition leader turned rebel'. AlArabiya. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
129. ^'Child Marriage Facts and Figures'.
130. ^'Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death'. The Washington Post. 16 June 2016.
131. ^Burridge, Tom (27 October 2014). 'Child soldiers still being recruited in South Sudan'. BBC News.
132. ^'South Sudan sides 'recruit 9,000 children to fight''. BBC News. 30 April 2014.
133. ^'South Sudan lets fighters rape women as payment'. globalpost.com. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
134. ^'South Sudan Soldiers Suffocated 60-Plus Men And Boys, Report Says'.
135. ^ ^ab'OHCHR – UN human rights experts call for perpetrators of widespread human rights violations to be brought to justice in South Sudan'. www.ohchr.org.
136. ^Burgess, Neil; D'Amico Hales, Jennifer; Underwood, Emma (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Washington DC: Island Press. ISBN978-1-55963-364-2.
137. ^'Average weather in Juba, Sudan'. weather-and-climate.com.
138. ^'Weather: Juba'. bbc.co.uk.
139. ^http://citypopulation.de/SouthSudan-Cities.html
140. ^The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan, 2005Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 484 kB), Part One, Page. 3–4, No. 6 (1), (2), retrieved 6 May 2017
141. ^'The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011'(PDF). Government of South Sudan. Retrieved 6 May 2017. Part One, Page 3, No. 6 (1), (2), retrieved 6 May 2017
142. ^AfricaNews (5 July 2017). 'S. Sudan to adopt Swahili as official language, seeks Tanzania's help – Africanews'.
143. ^'South Sudanese still in Kenya despite new state'. Xinhua. 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
144. ^Middle East Monitor: South Sudan and Chad apply to join the Arab League, 12 April 2014, retrieved 3 May 2017
145. ^Asharq Al-Awsat: Foreign Minister of South Sudan: We Are Considering Joining the Arab LeagueArchived 13 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 7 June 2016, retrieved 3 May 2017
146. ^Sudan Tribune: Khartoum supports South Sudan demand to join Arab League, 21 July 2016, retrieved 3 May 2017
147. ^The impact of language policy and practice on children’s learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016 (PDF; 672 kB), Page. 1, retrieved 20 May 2017
148. ^ ^abFick, Maggie (8 June 2009). 'S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy'. !enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity.
149. ^'South Sudan parliament throws out census results'. SudanTribune. 8 July 2009.
150. ^ ^abBirungi, Marvis (10 May 2009). 'South Sudanese officials decry 'unfortunate' announcement of census results'. The New Sudan Vision.
151. ^Thompkins, Gwen (15 April 2009). 'Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census'. NPR.
152. ^'South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest'. Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. 6 November 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
153. ^'South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession'. The Daily Star. 9 January 2011.
154. ^'South Sudan profile'. BBC News. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
155. ^'South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession'. Agence France-Presse. 8 January 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
156. ^Kaufmann, E.P. (2004). Rethinking ethnicity: majority groups and dominant minorities. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN978-0-203-56339-7.
157. ^Minahan, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Press. p. 1786. ISBN978-0-313-32384-3.
158. ^Arnold, G (2003). 'Book Review: Douglas H. Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars'. African Journal of Political Science. 8 (1): 147.
159. ^'International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – South Sudan'. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
160. ^'Sudan: A Country Study; Ethnicity, Regionalism and Ethnicity'. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
161. ^Geographica. The Complete Illustrated Atlas of the world. 1999. p. 336.
162. ^'More than 100 dead in south Sudan attack-officials'. SABC News. 21 September 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
163. ^Hurd, Emma (8 February 2011). 'Southern Sudan Votes To Split From North'. News.sky.com. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
164. ^David Barrett; George Kurian; Todd Johnson, eds. (2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 699–700.
165. ^'How many Anglicans are there in the Anglican Church in North America?'(PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2013.
166. ^'Presbyterian Church of the Sudan'. 20 May 2012. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
167. ^'Global Religious Landscape Table — Percent of Population — Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life'. Features.pewforum.org. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
168. ^Pat, Mr (2009). Christians Under Siege. p. 105.
169. ^'South Sudan To Respect Freedom Of Religion Says GOSS President'. Sudan Radio Service, Sudanradio.org. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
170. ^'Sudan : Country Studies — Federal Research Division, Library of Congress'. Lcweb2.loc.gov. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
171. ^'Emmanuel Jal: National Geographic World Music'. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
172. ^Stevenson, Jane (8 August 2012). 'Emmanuel Jal uses music as therapy | Music | Entertainment'. Toronto Sun. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
173. ^'Music — Review of Emmanuel Jal — Warchild'. BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
174. ^TEDGlobal 2009. 'Emmanuel Jal: The music of a war child | Video on'. Ted.com. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
175. ^DiPiazza, Francesca (2006). Sudan in Pictures. 21st-century Books. p. 54. ISBN978-0-8225-2678-0.
176. ^'South Sudan joins Fifa 10 months after independence'. BBC News. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
177. ^ ^ab'World's Newest Nation Set to Step Into Sporting Arena'. The Jakarta Globe. 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
178. ^'S. Sudan team kicks off to a good start, then collapses'. SKNVibes. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
179. ^'South Sudan'. Rio 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
180. ^Elbagir, Nima; Karimi, Faith (9 July 2011). 'South Sudanese celebrate the birth of their nation'. CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
181. ^'Natural resources'. CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
182. ^ ^ab'China to evacuate South Sudan oil workers to capital'. Reuters. 20 December 2013.
183. ^Gettleman, Jeffrey (9 July 2011). 'After Years of Struggle, South Sudan Becomes a New Nation'. New York Times.
184. ^ ^abcRebecca Hamilton (28 November 2010). 'Southern Sudanese Independence: High Hopes, Huge Obstacles'. Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
185. ^ ^abTrivett, Vincent (8 July 2011). 'Oil-Rich South Sudan Has Hours To Choose Between North Sudan, China And The U.S'. Business Insider. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
186. ^Ros Wynne-Jones (7 July 2012). 'Happy Birthday South Sudan?'. The Independent. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
187. ^'S.Sudan seeks food and farmland investments'. Reuters. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
188. ^Badawi, Ahmad (3 October 2011). 'A Greek Tragedy is Sudan's Woe: Sudan Must be Relieved of Foreign Debt Quickly'. African Arguments.
189. ^Leo, Benjamin (2009). 'Sudan Debt Dynamics: Status Quo, Southern Secession, Debt Division, and Oil – a Financial Framework for the Future'. Center for Global Development.
190. ^'Permanent Members'. Paris Club. 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009.
191. ^Ahmed, Medani (2008). 'External Debts, Growth and Peace in the Sudan'(PDF). CHR. Michelsen Institute.
192. ^Mazimpaka, Magnus (8 July 2011). 'South Sudan: Rwanda Hopeful of South's Strategic Link to North Africa'. allAfrica. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
193. ^'Welcome South Sudan to EAC!'. East African Business Week. 10 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
194. ^'South Sudan to link to Kenya oil pipeline'. Reuters. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
195. ^'South Sudan needs African neighbours to survive'. DAWN. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
196. ^'South Sudan 'free to join the EAC''. The Citizen. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
197. ^Amos, Machel (17 September 2011). 'South Sudan delays membership in regional bloc'. Daily Nation. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
198. ^'South Sudan readies for EAC membership'. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011.
199. ^'Uganda says South Sudan likely to join EAC in 2014'. Xinhua News Agency. 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
200. ^'Ugandan MPs oppose South Sudan joining East African community'. The Africa Report. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
201. ^'Tanzania warms up to South Sudan membership'. The EastAfrican. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
202. ^'EAC prepares to admit South Sudan'. The EastAfrican. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
203. ^'allAfrica.com: East Africa: EAC to Decide On South Sudan Admission by April 2014'. allAfrica.com. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
204. ^'South Sudan defers EAC admission'. The Observer. Observer Media Ltd. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
205. ^''East Africa: South Sudan's Push to Join EAC Gains Momentum''. 7 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
206. ^'South Sudan joins East African regional bloc'. Daily Nation.
207. ^'COMMUNIQUÉ: SIGNING CEREMONY OF THE TREATY OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN INTO THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY'. East African Community. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
208. ^'South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth'. Gurtong.net. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
209. ^'South Sudan gets new airline'. Defenceweb.co.za. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
210. ^'South Sudan set to have own national air carrier'. goss-online.org. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
211. ^ ^ab'Southern Sudan has unique combination of worst diseases in the world — Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan'. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
212. ^Moszynski, P. (2005). 'Conference plans rebuilding of Southern Sudan's health services'. BMJ. 331 (7510): 179. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7510.179. PMC1179754.
213. ^ ^ab'South Sudan Household Survey'(PDF). South Sudan Medical Journal. December 2007.
214. ^Hakim, James (August 2009). 'HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment'. South Sudan Medical Journal.
215. ^Pasquale, Harriet; Jarvese, Martina; Julla, Ahmed; Doggale, Constantino; Sebit, Bakhit; Lual, Mark Y.; Baba, Samson P.; Chanda, Emmanuel (2013). 'Malaria control in South Sudan, 2006–2013: strategies, progress and challenges'. Malaria Journal. 12: 374. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-374. PMC3816306. PMID24160336.
216. ^Visser, BJ (July 2012). 'Dracunculiasis eradication—finishing the job before surprises arise'. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 5 (7): 505–10. doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60088-1. PMID22647809.
217. ^Hopkins, DR; Ruiz-Tiben, E; Weiss, A; Withers, PC; Eberhard, ML; Roy, SL (July 2013). 'Dracunculiasis eradication: and now, South Sudan'. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 89 (1): 5–10. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0090. PMC3748487. PMID23843492.
218. ^'WHO — Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease)'. World Health Organization.
219. ^Ambler, Sean (10 January 2011). 'Support freedom for Southern Sudan and fight for workers' unity against imperialism'. League for the Fifth International. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
220. ^'SUDAN: Peace bolsters food security in the south'. IRIN. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
221. ^'South Sudan's N. Bahr el Ghazal denies reports that hunger caused death'. Sudan Tribune. 17 August 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
222. ^Meldrum, Andrew (6 January 2012). 'South Sudan News: Ethnic clashes must be solved in the long term'. GlobalPost. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
223. ^According to the WHO: 'The 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, 75%; Chad and Central African Republic, 68%; Bangladesh, 66%; Guinea, 63%; Mozambique, 56%; Mali, 55%; Burkina Faso and South Sudan, 52%; and Malawi, 50%. '[1]
224. ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
225. ^Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2014). Humanitarian Crisis in South Sudan Gender Alert 2: May 2014. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)
226. ^'Obakki Foundation'. Obakki.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
227. ^'Rotary Club of Bridgton Lake-Region'. Lakeregionrotary.com. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
228. ^ ^ab'South Sudan Emergency Situation-Regional Update'. UNHCR. 2 February 2014.
229. ^'2016 South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview'. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 5 January 2016.
230. ^'Famine Hits Parts Of South Sudan'. World Food Programme. 20 February 2017.
231. ^'South Sudan declares famine in Unity State'. BBC News. 20 February 2017.
232. ^'Famine declared in part of South Sudan by government and UN'. WHIO. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017.
233. ^CNN, Farai Sevenzo and Bryony Jones. 'Famine declared in South Sudan'. CNN. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
234. ^'FAO trains village facilitators to fight Fall Armyworm in South Sudan | FAO in South Sudan | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'.

Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plates

Further reading[edit]

• This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. – Sudan
• Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, The Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the Responsibility to Prevent, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99 (paper), ISBN978-1-77112-117-0
• Mohamed Omer Beshir: The Southern Sudan. Background to Conflict. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968.
• Biel, Melha Rout (2007). South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Jena: Netzbandt Verlag. ISBN978-3-937884-01-1.
• Daly, M. W.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (2016). A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-11631-2. OCLC921821890.
• Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols) (2nd ed.). London/New York: IB Tauris. ISBN978-1-86064-987-5.
• 'Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir'. BBC Online. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
• 'No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan'(PDF). New York: Human Rights Watch. June 2009. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 October 2011.

External links[edit]

• 'South Sudan'. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• South Sudan at Curlie
• South Sudan profile from the BBC News.
• 'Sudan's Shaky Peace', National Geographic, November 2010.
• Photo gallery by George Steinmetz.
• Peace Agreements signed by South Sudan, UN Peacemaker

Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plate Renewal Fayetteville Nc

Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plate Lookup

Items in search results

Nigeria Oil And Gas Concessions Map And License Plate Search

• Vintage 1940’s Sunoco Petroliana metal license plate topper WML initials

  • C $86.32
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.11 shipping

• 1940's WW II 'I'm For U S A' W A F Sunoco Gasoline Style License Plate Topper

  • C $172.75
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $25.85 shipping

• Sunoco Oil RMB Vintage Automotive License Plate Topper Original

  • C $209.97
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $19.93 shipping

• Sunoco USA First JIGGS Vintage Automotive License Plate Topper Original

  • C $170.11
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $19.93 shipping

• Sunoco I'm For USA MFC Vintage Automotive License Plate Topper Original

  • C $170.11
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $19.93 shipping

• Sunoco license plate topper badge

  • C $159.47
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $53.16 shipping

• Drive Safely Sunoco Gas Oils Vintage Automotive License Plate Topper Original

  • C $130.24
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $19.93 shipping

• Vtg 50s Sunoco Gas Oil Station License Plate Topper Custom EFW Arrow & Shield

  • C $73.09
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $18.74 shipping

• 1940 CANADA'S NATIONAL PARKS COPPER BUFFALO LICENSE PLATE TAG TOPPER ORIGINAL

  • C $542.21
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $29.24 shipping

• 1940s SUNOCO USA FIRST License Plate Topper Badge Sign Gas Oil Auto Ad

  • C $166.12
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $59.79 shipping

• Reproduced - 1940 New York World's Fair - License Plate Topper - Street or Show

  • C $20.86
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $21.99 shipping

• Vintage 1940s License Plate Topper Istrouma Highschool Baton Rouge LA Chevrolet

  • C $132.83
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.22 shipping

• Blank Sunoco License Plate Topper

  • C $99.67
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $18.09 shipping

• Vintage Sunoco Oil Gas Personalized License Plate Topper Sign Advertising

  • C $166.12
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $35.31 shipping

• Vintage 1940's-50's Orig License Plate Topper Roof Garden of Somerset Pa Nash

  • C $166.11
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $43.20 shipping

• Original 1940s Order Of Eastern Star License Plate Topper w Schmaltz Paint

  • C $86.38
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.63 shipping

• Vintage 1940s License Plate Topper Rudd Gas Water Heaters Advertising

  • C $132.83
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.22 shipping

• Vintage SUNOCO Oil and Gas License Plate Topper Sign UNUSED

  • C $166.12
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $69.90 shipping

• The Pep Boys Vintage Antique License Plate Topper Original Manny Moe and Jack

  • C $781.42
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• Very Rare Vintage 1940s License Plate Topper AAA Automobile Club Akron OH OSAA

  • C $132.83
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.22 shipping

• VINTAGE COLLECTIBLE ADVERTISING SUNOCO GAS OIL LICENSE PLATE TOPPER DIAMOND CUT

  • C $219.28
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.54 shipping

• New listing Original Vintage TYDOL 1940s License Plate Topper

  • C $232.57
  • 0 bids
  • +C $34.67 shipping

• Blank Sunoco I'm For USA License Plate Topper

  • C $172.76
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $19.20 shipping

• Vintage 1940s License Plate Topper Shady Side Academy Pittsburgh PA Rat Rod

  • C $332.17
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $34.27 shipping

• Vintage 1940s License Plate Topper Benke Motor Co Hudson Six - Eight GMC Trucks

  • C $132.83
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.22 shipping

• Awesome Rare 1940/50s MANASQUAN FIRE DEPARTMENT Sign / License Plate Topper

  • C $330.91
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $32.53 shipping

• 1940s ROYAL GORGE LICENSE PLATE TOPPER

  • C $199.34
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $20.67 shipping

• 1930s 1940s Arrow 19586 universal license plate bracket

  • C $13.29
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $18.94 shipping

• 1940s North Carolina Topper N.C. State National Auto Association License Plate

  • C $66.43
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $24.23 shipping

• PIERCE Arrow Society Metal License Plate Topper Car Auto Original

  • C $126.25
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $23.15 shipping

• Very Rare Vintage 1940s License Plate Topper Pennzoil 'We Are For Safety'

  • C $332.17
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $34.27 shipping

• VINTAGE ORIGINAL LICENSE PLATE TOPPER 'KEEP AMERICA OUT OF WAR' RED WHITE BLUE

  • C $465.13
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $40.61 shipping

• Vintage Authentic 1940 Metal Wendell Willkie License Plate Topper

  • C $53.16
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.89 shipping

• Shell 1940’s License Metal Plate Topper

  • C $86.38
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $17.89 shipping

• Vintage 1940s License Plate Topper Glenn L Bream Cadillac / Olds Gettysburg PA

  • C $132.83
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $31.22 shipping

• Rare 1940-50's NATIONAL SHERIFFS' ASSOCIATION License Plate Topper

  • C $1,328.95
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $78.74 shipping

• Vintage Shell Oil License Plate Topper Original

  • C $63.79
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• 1930-1940's Vintage Minn State Farm Bureau Emblem Badge License Plate Topper

  • C $119.59
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $34.55 shipping

• Harold's Club or Bust Reno, Nevada Casino Vintage License Plate Topper Original

  • C $209.97
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $39.87 shipping

• Mobil Pegasus Vintage Antique License Plate Topper Original

  • C $130.24
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• VINTAGE COLLECTIBLE 1940s ADVERTISING ORDER OF MOOSE LICENSE PLATE TOPPER

  • C $259.15
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $32.15 shipping

• LINCOLN Nebraska Made Vintage License Plate Topper Original

  • C $170.11
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• 1961 CSFA California State Fireman's Assoc Original License Plate Frame Topper

  • C $661.82
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $23.92 shipping

• Remember Pearl Harbor Vintage License Plate Topper Original

  • C $156.82
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• Vintage 1940s Penn State University Nittany Lions License Plate Topper Authentic

  • C $46.51
  • or Best Offer
  • +C $26.51 shipping

• Vintage Shell Oil License Plate Topper Original

  • C $37.21
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• 1940 World's Fair License Plate Topper for All Models Custom Harley - Chopper

  • C $57.53
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $31.89 shipping

• Mobil Pegasus Vintage Antique License Plate Topper Original

  • C $263.13
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• Mobil Pegasus Vintage Antique License Plate Topper Original

  • C $130.24
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $33.22 shipping

• Corn Aircraft License Plate Topper Farmers Hybrid 1930s - 1940s Hampton Iowa

  • C $146.18
  • Buy It Now
  • +C $39.54 shipping